soap preparation process
- Soap can be prepared by heating fat or oil together with alkali through the saponification process
- The saponification process is a hydrolysis process of ester (oil or fat) by alkali
- The vegetable oil that is usually used to manufacture soap is palm oil, coconut oil and olive oil
- The manufacturing of soap can be divided into two stages, that is
a) Stage 1
~The two parts of the oil or fat (ester) molecule are separated by heating the oil with
alkaline solution through the hydrolysis process
~In this process, the oil or fat(ester) molecule is broken up into fatty acid and
glycerol by water in the presence of alkali which acts as a catalyst
b) Stage 2
~The fatty acid that is released in Stage 1 reacts with alkali to form sodium salt fatty
acid which is soap
- The type of soap that is produced depends on the type of fatty acid and alkali that is used
- The soap that is produced can be precipitated out from the mixture by adding table salt that is sodium choride
- Sodium chloride is added to reduce the solubility of soap in water and causes the soap to be separated from the solution
- The soap that is produced is filtered, purified and added with additives such as biological enzymes, whitening agents, antiseptics, perfumes and colouring
- There are 2 types of soap :
sOlid soap liquid soap
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