haihai , let's meet the admin of this Chemistry Blog ;)
assalamualaikum and hai , pretty girls and handsome boys ;)
finally , you have entered to our chemistry blog , what ? chemistry blog ? haa ?
yess , ohh may , please dont show your weirdo face right here . haha !
this is our homework for chemistry subject . haa , wanna know our chemistry teacher ?? jengjeng ;) have a look down here >
* PN. ZUHAILAH HASHIM , beautiful right ? yeah , she's taken , and already married ;) love her very very much !
okay , know let us meet the owner and the doctor of the blog . have a look down here friends >
*prof MUKHLISA ;)
*prof ZULAIKHA
*prof AESYA
*prof AMIRAH
*prof MIZANA
*prof AISYAH
what is SOAP and DETERGENT
SOAP ? easily describe as salt of a fatty acid ( eg.glycerol )
> campuran pencuci yang digunakan bagi kegunaan seharian <
Soaps for cleansing are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline solution. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides --> three molecules of fatty acids attached to a single molecule of glycerol .The alkaline solution, often called LYE, brings about a chemical reaction known as saponification. In saponification , the fats are first hydrolyzed into free fatty acids, which then combine with the alkali to form crude soap . Glycerol , often called glycerine, is liberated and is either left in or washed out and recovered as a useful by-product according to the process employed .
< Two equivalent images of the chemical structure of sodium stearate, a typical soap >
<
example of sOap # >
DETERGENT ?
surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solutions .
family of compounds that are similar to soap but are less affected by hard water ( high mineral content ) . In most household contexts, the term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent and dish detergent , as opposed to hand soap or other types of cleaning agents. Detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions. Detergents work because they are amphiphilic -> partly hydrophilic (polar) and partly hydrophobic (non-polar). Their dual nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds ( like oil and grease ) with water. Because air is not hydrophillic , detergents are also foaming agents to varying degrees. Completely non-polar solvents known as degreasers can also remove hydrophobic contaminants but may not dissolve in water because of a lack of polar elements.
< example of detergent # >
< mOst famous detergent , right ? >
soap preparation process
- Soap can be prepared by heating fat or oil together with alkali through the saponification process
- The saponification process is a hydrolysis process of ester (oil or fat) by alkali
- The vegetable oil that is usually used to manufacture soap is palm oil, coconut oil and olive oil
- The manufacturing of soap can be divided into two stages, that is
a) Stage 1
~The two parts of the oil or fat (ester) molecule are separated by heating the oil with
alkaline solution through the hydrolysis process
~In this process, the oil or fat(ester) molecule is broken up into fatty acid and
glycerol by water in the presence of alkali which acts as a catalyst
b) Stage 2
~The fatty acid that is released in Stage 1 reacts with alkali to form sodium salt fatty
acid which is soap
- The type of soap that is produced depends on the type of fatty acid and alkali that is used
- The soap that is produced can be precipitated out from the mixture by adding table salt that is sodium choride
- Sodium chloride is added to reduce the solubility of soap in water and causes the soap to be separated from the solution
- The soap that is produced is filtered, purified and added with additives such as biological enzymes, whitening agents, antiseptics, perfumes and colouring
- There are 2 types of soap :
sOlid soap liquid soap
detergen preparation process
Detergent Preparation Process
- Sodium alkyl sulphate detergents can be prepared through a neutralisation reaction between an alkyl sulphonic acid with a sodium hydroxide solution
- The sodium dodecyl sulphate detergent is prepared through a neutralisation reaction between the dodecyl sulphonic acid and a sodium hydroxide solution
cleansing action of soap
like everyone know , soap is use as a cleansing agent to remove the organic dirt .
WHY ? this is because when soap is added into water , the soap molecules will dissociate into sodium(or potassium) ions and soap ions ( soap anions ) .
SOAP ions consist of two part , that is :
HEAT that
*consists of the anion region
*is ionic
*is also called as hydrophilic region
*dissolves in water
TAIL that
*consists of the hydrocarbon region ( hydrocarbon chain )
*its molecules has covalent characteristic
*its also call as the hydrophobic region
*dissolves in grease or oil ( dirt )
secara AM nyaa . soap ion structure can be represented by by the structure below :
paham dak ? senang kan nak engat :)
okay . dah tahu tentang tu . mari teruskan . .
selain itu , soap molecules can reduce the surface tension of water to allow it to wet a material's surface better
when shaken , the water molecules will attract the soap ions and cause the greaseto detach from the surface of materials.
the soap bubbles also help to float the grease emulsion in the water . then . . when rinsed the grease will be remove together with the water
understand ? haa . jangan buat muka blurr . sila tengok gambar dekat bawah ni untuk lebih paham >
Cleansing action of detergent
- The cleansing action of detergent and soap is fundamentally the same
- When a detergent dissolves in water, its molecule will dissociate to form sodium (or potassium) ion and detergent ion ( detergent anion )
- The detergent ion (detergent anion ) such as R - O - SO3- can be represented in a simplified form such as structure below :
|
General structure of the detergent anion (sodium alkyl sulphate ) |
- The cleansing action of detergent can be summarised as sh0wn bel0w . . :
|
Cleansing action of Detergent |
comparison of the effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap and detergen
SOAP CANNOT BE USED IN HARD WATER . but why ? ? haa . jOm terjah . because :
- Hard water is the water that contains MINERAL SALTS , of which the majority of it are CALCIUM and MAGNESIUM SALTS .
- The MAGNESIUM and CALCIUM ions will react with the soap anions to form a NON-SOLUBLE PRECIPITATE in water . This called a SOAP FILM or SCUM .
- Soap CANNOT procuce bubbles in hard water and this condition results in the WASTAGE of soap .
- SCUM not easily cleaned . It will leave a clear SEDIMENT that can be seen on clothes , and cause the clothes to feel hard . In addition , SCUM will stick to the inner parts of the SINK and WASHING MACHINE .
hah ! but DETERGENT CAN BE USED IN HARD WATER . this because :
- DETERGENT does not form SCUM in hard water . This because the ionic head region ( hydrophilic end ) of the detergent will not form a strong ionic bond with the MAGNESIUM and CALCIUM ion from the hard water .
- CALCIUM and MAGNESIUM salt detergent DISSOCIATE EASILY in water .
- Detergent forms bubble in BOTH soft and hard water . This make the detergent MORE EFFECTIVE in its cleansing action compared to soap .
< SCUM at shOwer >
< SCUM at sink >
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